Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Questions - Assignment Example Christianity triumphed in the Roman Empire following the solidarity that Christians displayed. The religion stayed open to new proselytes, along these lines giving it the possibility to develop and extend in numbers. Simultaneously, the impact of Christianity was altogether being felt over the domain and past. Accordingly, Christianity got incorporated in the Roman Empire. Judaism, Greek way of thinking, and Hellenistic riddle religions impacted early Christianity somehow (Marshall 132). They gave Christianity a part of association, development, and advancement, given the way that they went before the beginning of Christianity. The qualities they represented additionally formed Christianity. Ethics that had been recently disregarded by organizations and earlier religions were represented by Christianity. Christianity moved quickly to grasp excellencies over the entirety of its lessons, thus did Greco-Roman humanism. In certain cases, imperfections were ignored in the two settings, despite the fact that the degree to which the defects were neglected contrasted. On a similar note, new thoughts were affected by only a couple of people who stood apart over the rest. Be that as it may, the acts of both Christianity and Greco-Roman humanism depended on various convictions (Marshall

Software Requirements Specification Template

Programming Requirements Specification Template CptS 322â€Software Engineering 9 February 2005 The accompanying commented on format will be utilized to finish the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) task of WSU-TC CptS 322. The teacher must endorse any changes to the general structure of this record. Format Usage: Text contained inside edge sections (‘’) will be supplanted by your undertaking explicit data or potentially details.For model, will be supplanted with either ‘Smart Home’ or ‘Sensor Network’. Stressed content is incorporated to quickly comment on the reason for each segment inside this layout. This content ought not show up in the last form of your submitted SRS. This spread page isn't a piece of the last format and ought to be evacuated before your SRS is submitted. Affirmations: Sections of this report depend on the IEEE Guide to Software Requirements Specification (ANSI/IEEE Std. 30-1984). The SRS layouts of Dr. Orest Pils kalns (WSU, Vancover) and Jack Hagemeister (WSU, Pullman) have likewise be utilized as aides in building up this layout for the WSU-TC Spring 2005 CptS 322 course. Programming Requirements Specification Lead Software Engineer Prepared for WSU-TC CptS 322â€Software Engineering Principles I Instructor: A. David McKinnon, Ph. D. Spring 2005 Revision History Date |Description |Author |Comments | | Document Approval The accompanying Software Requirements Specification has been acknowledged and affirmed by the accompanying: |Signature |Printed Name |Title |Date | |Lead Software Eng. | |A.David McKinnon |Instructor, CptS 322 | Table of Contents Revision Historyii Document Approvalii 1. Introduction1 1. 1 Purpose1 1. 2 Scope1 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 1. 4 References1 1. 5 Overview1 2. General Description2 2. 1 Product Perspective2 2. 2 Product Functions2 2. 3 User Characteristics2 2. 4 General Constraints2 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies2 3. Explicit Requirements2 3. 1 External Interface Requirements3 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces3 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces3 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces3 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces3 3. 2 Functional Requirements3 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 3 Use Cases3 3. 3. 1 Use Case #13 3. 3. 2 Use Case #23 3. Classes/Objects3 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 2 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements4 3. 5. 1 Performance4 3. 5. 2 Reliability4 3. 5. 3 Availability4 3. 5. 4 Security4 3. 5. 5 Maintainability4 3. 5. 6 Portability4 3. 6 Inverse Requirements4 3. 7 Design Constraints4 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements4 3. 9 Other Requirements4 4. Examination Models4 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams5 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)5 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD)5 5. Change Management Process5 A. Appendices5 A. 1 Appendix 15 A. 2 Appendix 25 1. Acquaintance The presentation with the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) record ought to give an outline of the total SRS document.While composing this archive please recall that this report ought to contain the entirety of the data required by a product specialist to sufficiently structure and execute the product item depicted by the necessities recorded in this archive. (Note: the accompanying subsection comments on are to a great extent taken from the IEEE Guide to SRS). 1. 1 Purpose What is the reason for this SRS and the (target group) for which it is composed. 1. 2 Scope This subsection should: (1) Identify the product product(s) to be created by name; for instance, Host DBMS, Report Generator, and so on (2)Explain what the product product(s) will, and, if fundamental, won't do (3)Describe the use of the product being indicated. As a bit of this, it should: (a) Describe every single significant advantage, destinations, and objectives as absolutely as possible.For model, to state that one objective is to give viable revealing capacities isn't in the same class as saying parameter-driven, client determinable reports with a 2 h turnaround and on-line passage of client parameters. (b) Be steady w ith comparable proclamations in more significant level details (for instance, the System Requirement Specification) , on the off chance that they exist. What is the extent of this product item. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection ought to give the meanings everything being equal, abbreviations, and shortened forms required to appropriately decipher the SRS. This data might be given by reference to at least one appendixes in the SRS or by reference to different records. 1.4 References This subsection should: (1)Provide a total rundown of all reports referenced somewhere else in the SRS, or in a different, indicated archive. 2)Identify each record by title, report number †if pertinent †date, and distributing association. (3)Specify the sources from which the references can be gotten. This data might be given by reference to an addendum or to another archive. 1. 5 Overview This subsection should: (1) Describe what the remainder of the SRS contains (2 ) Explain how the SRS is sorted out. 2. General Description This segment of the SRS ought to portray the general factors that influence ‘the item and its prerequisites. It ought to be clarified that this area doesn't state explicit prerequisites; it just makes those necessities more clear. 2. 1 Product PerspectiveThis subsection of the SRS places the item into viewpoint with other related items or activities. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for additional subtleties). 2. 2 Product Functions This subsection of the SRS ought to give a rundown of the capacities that the product will perform. 2. 3 User Characteristics This subsection of the SRS ought to portray those general attributes of the possible clients of the item that will influence the particular prerequisites. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details).2. 4 General Constraints This subsection of the SRS ought to give a general depiction of whatever other things that will confine the developer’s choices for planning t he framework. See the IEEE Guide to SRS for a halfway rundown of conceivable general imperatives). 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies This subsection of the SRS should list every one of the elements that influence the necessities expressed in the SRS. These variables are not structure imperatives on the product yet are, fairly, any progressions to them that can influence the prerequisites in the SRS. For instance, a presumption may be that a particular working framework will be accessible on the equipment assigned for the product item. On the off chance that, actually, the working framework isn't accessible, the SRS would then need to change in like manner. 3. Explicit Requirements This will be the biggest and most significant segment of the SRS.The client prerequisites will be epitomized inside Section 2, however this area will give the D-necessities that are utilized to direct the project’s programming structure, usage, and testing. Every prerequisite in this area ought to b e: †¢ Correct †¢ Traceable (both forward and in reverse to earlier/future antiques) †¢ Unambiguous †¢ Verifiable (I. e. , testable) †¢ Prioritized (as for significance or potentially soundness) †¢ Complete †¢ Consistent †¢ Uniquely recognizable (for the most part by means of numbering like 3. 4. 5. 6) Attention ought to be paid to the carefuly sort out the necessities introduced in this area so they may effectively got to and understood.Furthermore, this SRS isn't the product configuration record, hence one ought to stay away from the inclination to over-oblige (and in this manner plan) the product venture inside this SRS. 3. Outside Interface Requirements 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces 3. 2 Functional Requirements This segment depicts explicit highlights of the product venture. Whenever wanted, a few necessities might be determined in the utilization case group and recorded in the Use Cases Section. 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 1. 1 Introduction 3. 2. 1. 2 Inputs 3. 2. 1. 3 Processing 3. 2. 1. 4 Outputs 3. 2. 1. 5 Error Handling 3. 2. 2 †¦ 3. 3 Use Cases 3. 3. 1 Use Case #1 3. 3. 2 Use Case #2 †¦ 3. 4 Classes/Objects 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 1. 1 Attributes 3. 4. 1. 2 Functions 3. 4. 2 †¦ 3. 5 Non-Functional RequirementsNon-utilitarian prerequisites may exist for the accompanying properties. Frequently these necessities must be accomplished at a framework wide level instead of at a unit level. Express the necessities in the accompanying areas in quantifiable terms (e. g. , 95% of exchange will be prepared in under a second, framework personal time may not surpass 1 moment for every day, ;gt; multi day MTBF esteem, and so on). 3. 5. 1 Performance 3. 5. 2 Reliability 3. 5. 3 Availability 3. 5. 4 Security3. 5. 5 Maintainability 3. 5. 6 Portability 3. 6 Inverse Requirements State any *useful* reverse prerequisites. 3. 7 Design Constraints Specify config uration obliges forced by different principles, organization strategies, equipment restriction, and so forth cap will affect this product venture. 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements Will a database be utilized? Assuming this is the case, what consistent necessities exist for information designs, stockpiling abilities, information maintenance, information respectability, and so forth 3. 9 Other Requirements Catchall area for any extra prerequisites. 4. Examination Models List all investigation models utilized in creating explicit necessities recently given in this SRS. Each model ought to incorporate a presentation and an account portrayal. Besides, each model ought to be discernible the SRS’s necessities. 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD) 5. Change Management ProcessIdentify and depict the procedure that will be utilized to refresh the SRS, varying, when venture degree or prerequisites change. Who can submit changes and by what means, and in what manner will these progressions be endorsed. A. Addendums Appendices might be utilized to give extra (and ideally supportive) data. On the off chance that present, the SRS ought to expressly state whether the data contained inside an informative supplement is to b

Personal Care Products

Personal Care Products Personal Care Products Home›Marketing Posts›Personal Care Products Marketing PostsPersonal care products are products that can be used by any person in the community. These products are meant for hygienic, personal health, or cosmetic purposes. There are different types of personal care products. These include skin and beauty products: used by both men and women. These products are creams, lotions, moisturizers, anti-aging properties, and sunscreens. Oral health products are also personal care products. They include toothpastes and other products that enhance whitening of teeth. Hair products: they include hair gels, shampoos, hair sprays, and hair lotions. These hair products are often used by women.The choice of cosmetic or health products depends on an individual’s need and aspiration. These products are not just suitable for every person but each is recommended for a particular group of consumers. Every personal care product is specific to the need of a specific consumer. The consumer can be in categories of age, gender, location, income and aspiration.Personal care products are commonly used by female consumers to enhance their looks (The Nielsen Company 2). Most of the consumers that buy products of good grooming and beauty enhancement are young women in the society. The women that are in the age group of early 20s spend more on treatment of hair and skincare products. This category of young women uses these products to maintain their style. This is about 58 percent of the young women. On the other hand, older women also try to maintain their young looks by using anti-aging products and body creams. Hair sprays and hair gel are used by the majority of women to enhance growth of hair.Men consumers have not been left out in the use of these personal care products. Although the majority of men are not known to care about their looks, a few spend on grooming products (The Nielsen Company 5). A few would also take time to buy hair products. Men are also known to be keen about the whitening of their teeth. A man can buy oral care products easily compared to woman. They take time to buy products that will enhance whitening of their teeth. Men also take time to go for body massages. Therefore, men would also use body massage products. About half of the men in the society agree to the use of personal care products.Age factor has also defined consumers of these products. Young people spend a lot of these products compared to older people. This is because they are at an age of anxiety and want to look attractive. On the other hand, older people will also want to maintain their young looks by using anti-aging products. Women who are below the age of 34 are likely to groom themselves as they aspire to attract or make a partner happy. These are women who belong to the age group of 21-24 (The Nielsen Company 3). Further studies suggest that manufactures should make products that will be fit the younger women in the society (Author 4).The di stribution of products in the market depends on the different types of consumers. In marketing of personal care products, marketers use the market segmentation to ensure effective distribution of the products. These segments are divided depending on the location, interests of consumers and age of clients. Through the application of these segments manufacturers are sure to supply products to consumers that require them. The variables that can be used to describe segment in personal care include: age, geographical region, gender, aspiration, product brand and financial status. These are the factors that affect the use of personal care products by consumers. If these aspects are followed by the marketing team, then they are able to sell.Gender plays a part in market segmentation of personal care products. The products that men consider important may not be important to women. While women will focus on their hair and face make up, men would go for a general skin care and grooming (Colin A. Houston Associates 2). It is historically known that women are much fond of grooming than men. In the survey done today, the number of men that take time to groom themselves is on the increase (The Nielsen Company 5). This has been noticed mostly in the men of South Africa, Greece and Portugal about 94 percent. Often male consumer will do skincare together with facial treatment. However, in terms of skin care practices, women have a higher rate of using the beauty products than men.Age and aspiration: this directly links to the motives of the user of the products. As discussed previously, there are different set of groups: teenagers, youth, and the adults. The teenagers will use the products so as to improve their appearances. Many of the young people would use this mainly to attract someone else. Those at the youthful age use these products either to attract a partner or to make themselves pretty. The adults have their focus on enhancing their image to remain youthful. Product brands vary from one user to another. The product that will be used by a teenager will not be the same for and older person. Other products like the skin protection creams are not often used compared to the beauty products.Income has affected the use of personal care products (The Nielsen Company 10). Both men and women seem to have the same take on the issue of spending money on beauty treatment (The Nielsen Company 3). If a person earns a good income, he or she can afford a product of choice. About half of the people that do grooming practices will be held back at the cost factor. This is because of the pricing of products they use. Hence, people with steady income are likely to be the ones that will be steady on the use of the products. If the price was not a problem, men would go for teeth whitening as opposed to women who would prefer facial and hair treatment. In addition, the product brand differs according to the skin type of a person. This is closely linked with the financ ial status of a person and their income. In this case, the preference of an individual is paramount.Location of consumer also affects the distribution of the products. The consumers that live in area that are cold will not use the products for a warm or hot weather. Products like sun care can be well bought in areas that are hot. The same applies in the use of skin care products. Most often consumers will pick on products that are of preference to them in terms of their skin types. Knowing the skin type is useful in choosing beauty products.Basing on the variables mentioned there are different marketing segments in the personal care product industry. These include demographic, psychographic, and geographic segments. Geographic segmentation is based on the trend of the consumers in a certain place to prefer a particular product. This involves observing the purchase of the product in that area. This could be closely related to the weather of a certain place. A place that is hot may re quireproducts like sun care. These may be used especially by people that like sunbathing. The same product will not be found in an area that is cold. The same applies to products of special needs for instance oral products.Demographic segmentation is one of the most used in personal care product marketing. There are several aspects involved in demographic segmentation. It involves gender, age, financial status, occupation, and social status. These factors have greatly affected the marketing of personal care products worldwide (Snow et. al 266). Especially the age factor has greatly affected the distribution of beauty and skin products in the market.Psychographic segmentationis the distribution of the products depending on the interests and motives of a particular group of consumers. This segmentation is based on the intentions of the clients. It is mostly influenced by the aspiration of an individual or a group of people. This segmentation is highly used in personal care products. T his is because; the products are only used when an individual has a certain aim. It is closely linked to the age of a person (Snow et. al 275). Young are likely to focus more on products that will enhance their appearances. Older women may prefer to focus more on the products that will make them look younger than their current age.On conclusion, personal care products are products we often use in our daily lives. Every person no matter the age, gender or race is a consumer of these products. The usage of the products is highly dependent on an individual’s opinion. In addition, the location and type of skin of an individual also affects the product he or she will use. It is also beneficial for a consumer to know what product he or she wants. The different types of segments are useful to the marketers of the products. They help in the distribution of the products to the products to the consumer.

Donnie Darko/ Abnormal Psycology - 762 Words

Candace Resendez-Singh Psychology 101/ Extra Credit April 28th, 2012 Donnie Darko/Abnormal Psychology Donnie Darko is a movie about a young teen that experienced many abnormal things in his life that are said to be associated with a psychological disorder. Basically the movie is about an imaginary friend, Frank, (a demonic bunny with a scary voice) that only Donnie Darko can see and hear. Frank convinces Donnie into committing several acts of violence. He†¦show more content†¦I personally believe that all of these theories could be true depending on to what extent the abnormal behavior actually is and when their behavior first occurred. Hypnosis was used as a treatment method to try to help Donnie Dark o. It helps increase the understanding of the human mind and body. It gives the hypnotist an evaluation of that persons state of mind and can be used to recall events that may have otherwise been forgotten, go into past life, future life, ect. As a person responds to the methods used in hypnosis, the persons state of attention changes. A person can experience different stages of awareness, consciousness, imagination, memory, and reasoning and may become more responsive to suggestions; this is why it is used in abnormal behavior to see where ones state of mind is. The studies of Abnormal Psychology are not only important but very helpful; one example is the researches that have been done on many life threatening disorders in order to find good medication for the people with these disorders. However, even though it is used as a form of treatment

Literary Significance Notes - 1453 Words

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Breaking a Social Norm Free Essays

Breaking a Social Norm For my breaking a social norm, my friends and I wanted to do something creative that no one in my class would do. So in a couple of minutes of thinking we figure something creative. Our plan was to go to McDonalds and use the drive thru to order our order, but the catch is that I was supposed to walk to the drive thru with no car just me standing there ordering my order and when they said to pull up to the next widow I would just walk to the window and pay and walk to the other window to get my order. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking a Social Norm or any similar topic only for you Order Now We did this after the homecoming dance around like 10:40. So I basically I got of the car I started walking to the drive thru and I was basically stuck in traffic. I got behind this black ford SUV and I waited for my turn. So finally it was my turn and I order everything on the dollar menu. But my friends also told me to say â€Å"god damn! † while I order something. So I sounded like this â€Å"can I get a goddamn McChicken† So the guy said please drive up to the next window and I started walking. When I got there you should’ve seen his reaction like he was expecting a car not a guy walking to the drive thru. He didn’t say anything he just gave me change back and I started walking to the next window to pick up my order. I was so embarrassed by this; I felt that I was doing something out of my comfort zone. Yes I did experience anxiety; in a rate of 1-10 I think I was experiencing an 11! The people reaction was the funniest because they would just stare at me like if I had mental problems. One driver kept on honking at me and yelling â€Å"get out of the way you stupid kid† I just ignored him and he just gave up and drove off while giving me the finger. But the reaction of the cashier of the drive thru was priceless like oh my god I just can’t explain it. The people that made me more uncomfortable where the one on Kennedy Dr. When the stop light turn red and all the cars where stopped they all stared at my direction. They probably were thinking what is this kid doing? So I basically tried to ignore them the whole time so in wouldn’t get more nervous than I was already. There are many types of norms in a society that don’t necessarily reflect society, but also as individuals. Certain etiquette, mannerisms, and behavioral norms have a great impact on our personal social life as well. Society teaches us as a group how we should behave, and then individuals will teach us what behavior they expect from us in return. Knowing what is socially acceptable will give someone a much better chance at flourishing socially. Norms guide society, it’s the things that keep people in line, they may be formal laws, but usually are the generally accepted principals of the society you belong and participate in. How to cite Breaking a Social Norm, Essay examples

Thailand Earth Observation System (Theos) Development Program free essay sample

The program is developed by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company – Astrium (EADS Astrium SAS), in France, as a prime contractor. It consists of design, development, test, launch, and commissioning phases of THEOS satellite, as well as integration with associated control and data exploitation ground facilities. This paper gives an overview of system architecture, satellite architecture, its performance and main applications, as well as technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators. THEOS satellite is a compact and agile satellite with a mass of 750 kilograms and a power consumption of 800 Watts. It has two push-broom scanning optical instruments, providing worldwide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral modes, covering the Visible and Near Infrared spectrum. The Panchromatic instrument has a resolution of 2 metres and a swath width of 22 kilometres. The Multispectral instrument has a resolution of 15 metres and a swath width of 90 kilometres. We will write a custom essay sample on Thailand Earth Observation System (Theos) Development Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The satellite will be launched into a sun-synchronous low earth orbit in July 2007 and will have a design lifetime of at least 5 years. 1. Introduction After many years of using remote-sensing data from foreign satellite systems, Thailand has decided to have its own earth observation satellite system for rapid and sustainable country development. Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) Development Program was then begun in July 2004. The program is developed by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company – Astrium (EADS Astrium SAS), in France, as a prime contractor. THEOS system, which is fully owned by Royal Thai Government, will be operated by GISTDA. 1 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 2. Architecture of THEOS System THEOS system is a stand-alone earth observation system. The architecture of THEOS system has been developed in order to satisfy needs and requirements from GISTDA, Ministry of Science and Technology, as well as other relevant Ministries and imagery users in Thailand. These requirements include resolutions, swath width, coverage area, revisit frequency, as well as image quality and applications. THEOS system comprises of the following main constituents, as shown in Figure 1. THEOS Satellite (Space Segment) Ground Facilities (Ground Segment) †¢ †¢ Control Ground Segment (CGS) Image Ground Segment (IGS) ! Figure 1: Architecture of THEOS System 2 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 3. Performance of THEOS Satellite The payloads of THEOS Satellite are Panchromatic and Multispectral pushbroom scanning optical instruments. The radiometric and spatial performances of the instruments have been optimised between resolutions and swath width in order to satisfy imagery application requirements in Thailand. The spectral range of each imagery band of Panchromatic and Multispectral instruments is shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. Table 1: THEOS Spectral Bands Name PAN B0 B1 B2 B3 Band Panchromatic Multispectral / Blue Multispectral / Green Multispectral / Red Multispectral / Near-Infrared Band Width 0. 45 0. 90  µm 0. 45 0. 52  µm 0. 53 0. 60  µm 0. 62 0. 69  µm 0. 77 0. 90  µm 100 PANCHROMATIC B0 BAND B1 BAND B2 BAND B3 BAND WHITE LIMESTONE 80 REFLECTANCE (%) 60 SAND 40 VEGETATION DRY SOILS 20 WATER 0 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 70 0. 80 0. 90 WAVELENGTH ( µm) Figure 2: THEOS Spectral Bands The spatial performance of Panchromatic and Multispectral instruments is shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. THEOS satellite has a tilting capability of up to  ± 50 °, although some high accuracy applications might limit this to  ± 30 °. It can be tilted both in fore and aft, as well as east and west direction of satellite ground track. 3 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Table 2: Spatial Performance of THEOS Satellite Parameter Ground Sampling Distance Number of Pixels Swath Width Accessible Corridor (at  ± 30 ° Tilting Angle) Panchromatic 2m 12,000 pixels 22 km at Nadir 1000 km Multispectral 15 m 6,000 pixels 90 km at Nadir 1100 km Figure 3: Spatial Performance of THEOS Satellite The orbit of THEOS satellite will have parameters as shown in Table 3. With this orbit and its tilting capability, THEOS satellite will have worldwide imagery area, as well as short revisit and access time, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. It can be seen from Figure 5 that if the satellite is tilted to its maximum capacity of 50 °, accessible corridor will already cover 90% of the whole earth surface within 1 day. Table 3: THEOS Orbit Parameters Parameter Orbit Type Altitude Number of Orbits per Day Local Equator Crossing Time Orbital Period Orbit Inclination Orbit Cycle Distance Between Passes (at Equator) Coverage Area Visibility Area Access time Value Circular sun-synchronous low earth orbit 822 km 14+5/26 orbits per day 10:00 am 101 minutes98. 7 98. 7 ° 26 days (369 orbits) 108 km (Between 2 closest passes) 2800 km (Between 2 consecutive passes) All earth surface Radius of more than 2000 km from ground station (at 5 ° elevation angle) 2 days with 50 ° tilting angle 5 days with 30 ° tilting angle 4 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Figure 4: Accessible Corridor Covered in 5 Days (with 30 ° tilting angle)  ° Figure 5: Accessible Corridor Covered in 2 Days (with 50 ° tilting angle)  ° 4. Architecture of THEOS Satellite THEOS satellite consists of two main parts, the optical instrument payload and the platform or bus. That platform is based on AstroSat 500 Bus, which has already been designed and developed by EADS Astrium. All the technologies used in THEOS Satellite are space qualified and have been used in other French earth observation programs. This can ensure the minimum risk and guarantee the success of the THEOS mission. 5 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 THEOS platform consists of the following subsystems. On-board management unit Image processing unit S-band unit for telemetry and telecommand link X-band unit for payload data downlink Power distribution and regulation unit Thermal control system for both the payload and the platform Attitude and orbit control system, which has the following sensors and actuators †¢ †¢ Magnetometer, sun sensor, star sensor, gyroscope, and GPS receiver Magnetotorquers, reaction wheels and thrusters. The specifications of THEOS satellite are summarised in Table 4. Table 4: Specifications of THEOS Satellite Parameter Total Mass Size Power Consumption Nominal Life Time Fuel and Capacity Data Processing Data Downlink Rate Obit Determination Payload 750 kg 2. 1 m x 2. 1 m x 2. 4 m 800 W gt; 5 Years Hydrazine 80 kg Compression ratio of 2. 8 or 3. 7 120 Mbit/s (X-band) GPS Panchromatic and Multispectral cameras Value Payload Data Recorder 40 Gbit solid-state memory Satellite Ground Speed 6. km/s The AstroSat 500 Bus has a shape of a hexagonal with a length of 1. 5 metre on each side, as shown in Figure 6. The size is determined by the area for equipment installation on each panel as well as to be compatible with small launcher fairing with a diameter of 2 metres. The top of the platform is attached to payload interface plate. This is where optical instrument payload as well as star sensor and gyroscope are mounted, for high accuracy pointing. At the bottom of the platform are 4 eaction wheels and 4 thrusters for attitude and orbit control. In the middle of the platform is propulsion module and fuel tank. All other subsystem units are mounted on each panel for the reasons of balance, thermal control, electrical and mechanical aspects, as well as flexibility of integration and test. 6 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Panchromatic telescope Multispectral Camera Star Sensors Gyroscopes Solar Array X-band Antenna S-band Antenna Thermal Radiator Figure 6: AstroSat 500 Bus Once in the orbit, the operation can be divided into 3 main modes. †¢ †¢ †¢ Acquisition and Safe Hold Mode, which will be automatically activated when the satellite is first injected to the orbit by a launcher or when an anomaly occurs on the satellite. Normal Mode, which is used in idle and imaging operation Orbit Control Mode, which is used when propulsion module has to be activated in order to correct the orbit, due to air drag and other perturbations. After the satellite is released from launcher, solar array will be deployed, acquisition sequence will be activated, and first ground contact will be made. When the satellite is switched to Acquisition and Safe Hold Mode from Normal Mode due to anomaly, satellite will be reinitialised and recovered. During this time, the satellite will have to be able to rely on its autonomy, without any ground contact. This is achieved by switching off all unnecessary equipments to ensure sufficient power, and use only the most reliable equipments, which are sun sensor, magnetometer, magnetotorquers, and reaction wheels in order to ensure sun pointing configuration during sun light for power generation, and earth pointing configuration during eclipse for ground contact. In Normal Mode, the satellite will be kept in the sun pointing configuration during sun light, and optical instrument will be in stand-by mode. When imaging is required, the satellite will be earth pointed with some tilting in order to access the target area. During eclipse, the satellite will be kept in earth pointing configuration for telecommand uplink as well as telemetry and data downlink. 7 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 5. Applications of THEOS Data Main applications of THEOS data in Thailand are in many different fields, including cartography, agriculture, forestry, land use, coastal monitoring, geology, irrigation, drought and flood management, as well as national security. Required performance of satellite data in different fields are shown in Table 5, in terms of scale, coverage area, and revisit period. Also, since THEOS satellite has a tilting capability of up to  ± 50 °, both in fore and aft, as well as east and west direction of satellite ground track, images of the same area from different angles can be processed to create digital terrain model of the area. This adds more use in many fields and creates even more applications. Table 5: Required performance of satellite data for main applications Application Cartography Agriculture Agricultural map Plant growth monitoring Illegal plantation Forestry Forest monitoring Forest management Forest fire control Land Resources Land use Urban development Coastal monitoring Geology Spatial Requirements Revisit Period (Scale, Coverage Area) Whole country in less than 5 1:25,000 (1) years Map/monitoring: Area of 1 hectare (2) Illegal plantation: Area of 0. 2 hectare Forest monitoring: Area of 9 hectare Forest management: Area of 0. hectare 1:50,000 for general use 1:25,000 (1) for local applications Structural geology: Area of 100 m2 For rivers with a width of less than 15 m For checking change of water level of more than 10 m Sample area more than 6 times a year (2 times for each growth cycle) Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 2 years Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 5 years Local area, a s requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 5 years Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month World water network every year Every 6 days Irrigation Flood risk management : Image data in Panchromatic mode has a resolution of 2 m, which can generate 1:25,000 scale maps. : Area of 1 hectare equals 10,000 square metres 8 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 6. Control Ground Segment There will be only one control ground segment in Thailand. This will consist of all necessary equipments for Thai operators to monitor and control the satellite automatically and safely, in order to guarantee the success of the mission. Control ground segment of THEOS system consists of 3 main parts S-Band Telemetry, Telecommand and Control Centre †¢ Detect and check contact link when the satellite enters visibility area †¢ Receiving and sending telemetry and telecommand through S-Band link Satellite Control Centre †¢ Check and monitor health status and control the satellite †¢ With Flight Dynamic System, perform orbit determination, orbit propagation, and required manoeuvres Mission Planning Centre †¢ Collect user requests †¢ Issue daily optimised work plan, by taking into account user requests and satellite utilisation 7. Image Ground Segment Receiving and processing ground facilities have been designed and developed to be compatible with the existing high performance X-band station of GISTDA, which includes a 13-metre diameter antenna. By using simple architecture, and all qualified components, the success and smooth operation can be ensured. Image ground segment of THEOS system consists of 2 main parts X-band receiving station †¢ Receive image data through X-band downlink †¢ Demodulate and base-band process Image processing facility †¢ Frame synchronise and reformat †¢ Store image data flow †¢ Create and update catalogue †¢ Store image data for future use or when requested †¢ Perform image correction at different levels, including radiometric, geometric correction, with and without reference map or ground control points, as well as digital terrain model generation Image exploitation facility †¢ Process image for specific applications The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 8. Technology Transfer and Trainings One important part of this program is technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators, which cover theory and on-the-job training on design, development, test, and control of the satellite, as well as receiving and processing image data. Different components of technology transfer and training program are as follow. THEOS program training, with the objective for the 20 Thai engineers to be key people of Thailand’s long-term space activities, as well as to supervise and support THEOS in-orbit operations †¢ Theoretical technology transfer on satellite technology, design, integration and test of satellite system, as well as control and operations at EADS Astrium Space School, with a duration of 3 months for Introduction Courses, and 6 months for Advanced Courses. On-the-job training, where 20 Thai engineers will have the opportunity to get involved in actual activities of THEOS development from the beginning of the development to the launch date. The 20 Thai engineers can be divided into 3 groups as follow. o Ground system (5) ? ? ? ? ? †¢ †¢ System and ground segment development engineer System and ground segment engineer Control ground segment engineer Image ground segment engineer Image and products engineer o Satellite Operation and Control (4) ? ? System operation engineer (2) Attitude and orbit control engineer (2) Space Segment (11) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Satellite engineer (2) System engineer Electrical engineer Mechanical engineer Thermal engineer Software engineer Instrument engineer Command and data handling engineer Assembly integration and testing engineer Product assurance engineer 10 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 THEOS operational training, for 20 Thai operators to be able to operate, control and maintain THEOS satellite, as well as receive and process image data. Yearly technical seminar, to provide key issues about space technology, satellites, earth observation, and space program management to wider audience in Thailand Scholarships for master and doctoral degrees in space and satellite technology in France 9. Conclusion Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) Development Program comprises of THEOS satellite as well as associated control and data exploitation ground facilities. The program also includes a set of technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators. THEOS Satellite is a compact and agile satellite with a mass of 750 kilograms and a power consumption of 800 Watts. It has two push-broom scanning optical instruments, providing worldwide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral modes, covering the Visible and Near Infrared spectrum. The Panchromatic instrument has a resolution of 2 metres and a swath width of 22 kilometres. The Multispectral instrument has a resolution of 15 metres and a swath width of 90 kilometres. The satellite will be launched into a sun-synchronous low earth orbit in July 2007 and will have a design lifetime of at least 5 years.