Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Questions - Assignment Example Christianity triumphed in the Roman Empire following the solidarity that Christians displayed. The religion stayed open to new proselytes, along these lines giving it the possibility to develop and extend in numbers. Simultaneously, the impact of Christianity was altogether being felt over the domain and past. Accordingly, Christianity got incorporated in the Roman Empire. Judaism, Greek way of thinking, and Hellenistic riddle religions impacted early Christianity somehow (Marshall 132). They gave Christianity a part of association, development, and advancement, given the way that they went before the beginning of Christianity. The qualities they represented additionally formed Christianity. Ethics that had been recently disregarded by organizations and earlier religions were represented by Christianity. Christianity moved quickly to grasp excellencies over the entirety of its lessons, thus did Greco-Roman humanism. In certain cases, imperfections were ignored in the two settings, despite the fact that the degree to which the defects were neglected contrasted. On a similar note, new thoughts were affected by only a couple of people who stood apart over the rest. Be that as it may, the acts of both Christianity and Greco-Roman humanism depended on various convictions (Marshall

Software Requirements Specification Template

Programming Requirements Specification Template CptS 322â€Software Engineering 9 February 2005 The accompanying commented on format will be utilized to finish the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) task of WSU-TC CptS 322. The teacher must endorse any changes to the general structure of this record. Format Usage: Text contained inside edge sections (‘’) will be supplanted by your undertaking explicit data or potentially details.For model, will be supplanted with either ‘Smart Home’ or ‘Sensor Network’. Stressed content is incorporated to quickly comment on the reason for each segment inside this layout. This content ought not show up in the last form of your submitted SRS. This spread page isn't a piece of the last format and ought to be evacuated before your SRS is submitted. Affirmations: Sections of this report depend on the IEEE Guide to Software Requirements Specification (ANSI/IEEE Std. 30-1984). The SRS layouts of Dr. Orest Pils kalns (WSU, Vancover) and Jack Hagemeister (WSU, Pullman) have likewise be utilized as aides in building up this layout for the WSU-TC Spring 2005 CptS 322 course. Programming Requirements Specification Lead Software Engineer Prepared for WSU-TC CptS 322â€Software Engineering Principles I Instructor: A. David McKinnon, Ph. D. Spring 2005 Revision History Date |Description |Author |Comments | | Document Approval The accompanying Software Requirements Specification has been acknowledged and affirmed by the accompanying: |Signature |Printed Name |Title |Date | |Lead Software Eng. | |A.David McKinnon |Instructor, CptS 322 | Table of Contents Revision Historyii Document Approvalii 1. Introduction1 1. 1 Purpose1 1. 2 Scope1 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 1. 4 References1 1. 5 Overview1 2. General Description2 2. 1 Product Perspective2 2. 2 Product Functions2 2. 3 User Characteristics2 2. 4 General Constraints2 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies2 3. Explicit Requirements2 3. 1 External Interface Requirements3 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces3 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces3 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces3 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces3 3. 2 Functional Requirements3 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 3 Use Cases3 3. 3. 1 Use Case #13 3. 3. 2 Use Case #23 3. Classes/Objects3 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 2 3. 5 Non-Functional Requirements4 3. 5. 1 Performance4 3. 5. 2 Reliability4 3. 5. 3 Availability4 3. 5. 4 Security4 3. 5. 5 Maintainability4 3. 5. 6 Portability4 3. 6 Inverse Requirements4 3. 7 Design Constraints4 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements4 3. 9 Other Requirements4 4. Examination Models4 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams5 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)5 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD)5 5. Change Management Process5 A. Appendices5 A. 1 Appendix 15 A. 2 Appendix 25 1. Acquaintance The presentation with the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) record ought to give an outline of the total SRS document.While composing this archive please recall that this report ought to contain the entirety of the data required by a product specialist to sufficiently structure and execute the product item depicted by the necessities recorded in this archive. (Note: the accompanying subsection comments on are to a great extent taken from the IEEE Guide to SRS). 1. 1 Purpose What is the reason for this SRS and the (target group) for which it is composed. 1. 2 Scope This subsection should: (1) Identify the product product(s) to be created by name; for instance, Host DBMS, Report Generator, and so on (2)Explain what the product product(s) will, and, if fundamental, won't do (3)Describe the use of the product being indicated. As a bit of this, it should: (a) Describe every single significant advantage, destinations, and objectives as absolutely as possible.For model, to state that one objective is to give viable revealing capacities isn't in the same class as saying parameter-driven, client determinable reports with a 2 h turnaround and on-line passage of client parameters. (b) Be steady w ith comparable proclamations in more significant level details (for instance, the System Requirement Specification) , on the off chance that they exist. What is the extent of this product item. 1. 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations This subsection ought to give the meanings everything being equal, abbreviations, and shortened forms required to appropriately decipher the SRS. This data might be given by reference to at least one appendixes in the SRS or by reference to different records. 1.4 References This subsection should: (1)Provide a total rundown of all reports referenced somewhere else in the SRS, or in a different, indicated archive. 2)Identify each record by title, report number †if pertinent †date, and distributing association. (3)Specify the sources from which the references can be gotten. This data might be given by reference to an addendum or to another archive. 1. 5 Overview This subsection should: (1) Describe what the remainder of the SRS contains (2 ) Explain how the SRS is sorted out. 2. General Description This segment of the SRS ought to portray the general factors that influence ‘the item and its prerequisites. It ought to be clarified that this area doesn't state explicit prerequisites; it just makes those necessities more clear. 2. 1 Product PerspectiveThis subsection of the SRS places the item into viewpoint with other related items or activities. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for additional subtleties). 2. 2 Product Functions This subsection of the SRS ought to give a rundown of the capacities that the product will perform. 2. 3 User Characteristics This subsection of the SRS ought to portray those general attributes of the possible clients of the item that will influence the particular prerequisites. (See the IEEE Guide to SRS for more details).2. 4 General Constraints This subsection of the SRS ought to give a general depiction of whatever other things that will confine the developer’s choices for planning t he framework. See the IEEE Guide to SRS for a halfway rundown of conceivable general imperatives). 2. 5 Assumptions and Dependencies This subsection of the SRS should list every one of the elements that influence the necessities expressed in the SRS. These variables are not structure imperatives on the product yet are, fairly, any progressions to them that can influence the prerequisites in the SRS. For instance, a presumption may be that a particular working framework will be accessible on the equipment assigned for the product item. On the off chance that, actually, the working framework isn't accessible, the SRS would then need to change in like manner. 3. Explicit Requirements This will be the biggest and most significant segment of the SRS.The client prerequisites will be epitomized inside Section 2, however this area will give the D-necessities that are utilized to direct the project’s programming structure, usage, and testing. Every prerequisite in this area ought to b e: †¢ Correct †¢ Traceable (both forward and in reverse to earlier/future antiques) †¢ Unambiguous †¢ Verifiable (I. e. , testable) †¢ Prioritized (as for significance or potentially soundness) †¢ Complete †¢ Consistent †¢ Uniquely recognizable (for the most part by means of numbering like 3. 4. 5. 6) Attention ought to be paid to the carefuly sort out the necessities introduced in this area so they may effectively got to and understood.Furthermore, this SRS isn't the product configuration record, hence one ought to stay away from the inclination to over-oblige (and in this manner plan) the product venture inside this SRS. 3. Outside Interface Requirements 3. 1. 1 User Interfaces 3. 1. 2 Hardware Interfaces 3. 1. 3 Software Interfaces 3. 1. 4 Communications Interfaces 3. 2 Functional Requirements This segment depicts explicit highlights of the product venture. Whenever wanted, a few necessities might be determined in the utilization case group and recorded in the Use Cases Section. 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 1. 1 Introduction 3. 2. 1. 2 Inputs 3. 2. 1. 3 Processing 3. 2. 1. 4 Outputs 3. 2. 1. 5 Error Handling 3. 2. 2 †¦ 3. 3 Use Cases 3. 3. 1 Use Case #1 3. 3. 2 Use Case #2 †¦ 3. 4 Classes/Objects 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 1. 1 Attributes 3. 4. 1. 2 Functions 3. 4. 2 †¦ 3. 5 Non-Functional RequirementsNon-utilitarian prerequisites may exist for the accompanying properties. Frequently these necessities must be accomplished at a framework wide level instead of at a unit level. Express the necessities in the accompanying areas in quantifiable terms (e. g. , 95% of exchange will be prepared in under a second, framework personal time may not surpass 1 moment for every day, ;gt; multi day MTBF esteem, and so on). 3. 5. 1 Performance 3. 5. 2 Reliability 3. 5. 3 Availability 3. 5. 4 Security3. 5. 5 Maintainability 3. 5. 6 Portability 3. 6 Inverse Requirements State any *useful* reverse prerequisites. 3. 7 Design Constraints Specify config uration obliges forced by different principles, organization strategies, equipment restriction, and so forth cap will affect this product venture. 3. 8 Logical Database Requirements Will a database be utilized? Assuming this is the case, what consistent necessities exist for information designs, stockpiling abilities, information maintenance, information respectability, and so forth 3. 9 Other Requirements Catchall area for any extra prerequisites. 4. Examination Models List all investigation models utilized in creating explicit necessities recently given in this SRS. Each model ought to incorporate a presentation and an account portrayal. Besides, each model ought to be discernible the SRS’s necessities. 4. 1 Sequence Diagrams 4. 3 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) 4. 2 State-Transition Diagrams (STD) 5. Change Management ProcessIdentify and depict the procedure that will be utilized to refresh the SRS, varying, when venture degree or prerequisites change. Who can submit changes and by what means, and in what manner will these progressions be endorsed. A. Addendums Appendices might be utilized to give extra (and ideally supportive) data. On the off chance that present, the SRS ought to expressly state whether the data contained inside an informative supplement is to b

Personal Care Products

Personal Care Products Personal Care Products Home›Marketing Posts›Personal Care Products Marketing PostsPersonal care products are products that can be used by any person in the community. These products are meant for hygienic, personal health, or cosmetic purposes. There are different types of personal care products. These include skin and beauty products: used by both men and women. These products are creams, lotions, moisturizers, anti-aging properties, and sunscreens. Oral health products are also personal care products. They include toothpastes and other products that enhance whitening of teeth. Hair products: they include hair gels, shampoos, hair sprays, and hair lotions. These hair products are often used by women.The choice of cosmetic or health products depends on an individual’s need and aspiration. These products are not just suitable for every person but each is recommended for a particular group of consumers. Every personal care product is specific to the need of a specific consumer. The consumer can be in categories of age, gender, location, income and aspiration.Personal care products are commonly used by female consumers to enhance their looks (The Nielsen Company 2). Most of the consumers that buy products of good grooming and beauty enhancement are young women in the society. The women that are in the age group of early 20s spend more on treatment of hair and skincare products. This category of young women uses these products to maintain their style. This is about 58 percent of the young women. On the other hand, older women also try to maintain their young looks by using anti-aging products and body creams. Hair sprays and hair gel are used by the majority of women to enhance growth of hair.Men consumers have not been left out in the use of these personal care products. Although the majority of men are not known to care about their looks, a few spend on grooming products (The Nielsen Company 5). A few would also take time to buy hair products. Men are also known to be keen about the whitening of their teeth. A man can buy oral care products easily compared to woman. They take time to buy products that will enhance whitening of their teeth. Men also take time to go for body massages. Therefore, men would also use body massage products. About half of the men in the society agree to the use of personal care products.Age factor has also defined consumers of these products. Young people spend a lot of these products compared to older people. This is because they are at an age of anxiety and want to look attractive. On the other hand, older people will also want to maintain their young looks by using anti-aging products. Women who are below the age of 34 are likely to groom themselves as they aspire to attract or make a partner happy. These are women who belong to the age group of 21-24 (The Nielsen Company 3). Further studies suggest that manufactures should make products that will be fit the younger women in the society (Author 4).The di stribution of products in the market depends on the different types of consumers. In marketing of personal care products, marketers use the market segmentation to ensure effective distribution of the products. These segments are divided depending on the location, interests of consumers and age of clients. Through the application of these segments manufacturers are sure to supply products to consumers that require them. The variables that can be used to describe segment in personal care include: age, geographical region, gender, aspiration, product brand and financial status. These are the factors that affect the use of personal care products by consumers. If these aspects are followed by the marketing team, then they are able to sell.Gender plays a part in market segmentation of personal care products. The products that men consider important may not be important to women. While women will focus on their hair and face make up, men would go for a general skin care and grooming (Colin A. Houston Associates 2). It is historically known that women are much fond of grooming than men. In the survey done today, the number of men that take time to groom themselves is on the increase (The Nielsen Company 5). This has been noticed mostly in the men of South Africa, Greece and Portugal about 94 percent. Often male consumer will do skincare together with facial treatment. However, in terms of skin care practices, women have a higher rate of using the beauty products than men.Age and aspiration: this directly links to the motives of the user of the products. As discussed previously, there are different set of groups: teenagers, youth, and the adults. The teenagers will use the products so as to improve their appearances. Many of the young people would use this mainly to attract someone else. Those at the youthful age use these products either to attract a partner or to make themselves pretty. The adults have their focus on enhancing their image to remain youthful. Product brands vary from one user to another. The product that will be used by a teenager will not be the same for and older person. Other products like the skin protection creams are not often used compared to the beauty products.Income has affected the use of personal care products (The Nielsen Company 10). Both men and women seem to have the same take on the issue of spending money on beauty treatment (The Nielsen Company 3). If a person earns a good income, he or she can afford a product of choice. About half of the people that do grooming practices will be held back at the cost factor. This is because of the pricing of products they use. Hence, people with steady income are likely to be the ones that will be steady on the use of the products. If the price was not a problem, men would go for teeth whitening as opposed to women who would prefer facial and hair treatment. In addition, the product brand differs according to the skin type of a person. This is closely linked with the financ ial status of a person and their income. In this case, the preference of an individual is paramount.Location of consumer also affects the distribution of the products. The consumers that live in area that are cold will not use the products for a warm or hot weather. Products like sun care can be well bought in areas that are hot. The same applies in the use of skin care products. Most often consumers will pick on products that are of preference to them in terms of their skin types. Knowing the skin type is useful in choosing beauty products.Basing on the variables mentioned there are different marketing segments in the personal care product industry. These include demographic, psychographic, and geographic segments. Geographic segmentation is based on the trend of the consumers in a certain place to prefer a particular product. This involves observing the purchase of the product in that area. This could be closely related to the weather of a certain place. A place that is hot may re quireproducts like sun care. These may be used especially by people that like sunbathing. The same product will not be found in an area that is cold. The same applies to products of special needs for instance oral products.Demographic segmentation is one of the most used in personal care product marketing. There are several aspects involved in demographic segmentation. It involves gender, age, financial status, occupation, and social status. These factors have greatly affected the marketing of personal care products worldwide (Snow et. al 266). Especially the age factor has greatly affected the distribution of beauty and skin products in the market.Psychographic segmentationis the distribution of the products depending on the interests and motives of a particular group of consumers. This segmentation is based on the intentions of the clients. It is mostly influenced by the aspiration of an individual or a group of people. This segmentation is highly used in personal care products. T his is because; the products are only used when an individual has a certain aim. It is closely linked to the age of a person (Snow et. al 275). Young are likely to focus more on products that will enhance their appearances. Older women may prefer to focus more on the products that will make them look younger than their current age.On conclusion, personal care products are products we often use in our daily lives. Every person no matter the age, gender or race is a consumer of these products. The usage of the products is highly dependent on an individual’s opinion. In addition, the location and type of skin of an individual also affects the product he or she will use. It is also beneficial for a consumer to know what product he or she wants. The different types of segments are useful to the marketers of the products. They help in the distribution of the products to the products to the consumer.

Donnie Darko/ Abnormal Psycology - 762 Words

Candace Resendez-Singh Psychology 101/ Extra Credit April 28th, 2012 Donnie Darko/Abnormal Psychology Donnie Darko is a movie about a young teen that experienced many abnormal things in his life that are said to be associated with a psychological disorder. Basically the movie is about an imaginary friend, Frank, (a demonic bunny with a scary voice) that only Donnie Darko can see and hear. Frank convinces Donnie into committing several acts of violence. He†¦show more content†¦I personally believe that all of these theories could be true depending on to what extent the abnormal behavior actually is and when their behavior first occurred. Hypnosis was used as a treatment method to try to help Donnie Dark o. It helps increase the understanding of the human mind and body. It gives the hypnotist an evaluation of that persons state of mind and can be used to recall events that may have otherwise been forgotten, go into past life, future life, ect. As a person responds to the methods used in hypnosis, the persons state of attention changes. A person can experience different stages of awareness, consciousness, imagination, memory, and reasoning and may become more responsive to suggestions; this is why it is used in abnormal behavior to see where ones state of mind is. The studies of Abnormal Psychology are not only important but very helpful; one example is the researches that have been done on many life threatening disorders in order to find good medication for the people with these disorders. However, even though it is used as a form of treatment

Literary Significance Notes - 1453 Words

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Breaking a Social Norm Free Essays

Breaking a Social Norm For my breaking a social norm, my friends and I wanted to do something creative that no one in my class would do. So in a couple of minutes of thinking we figure something creative. Our plan was to go to McDonalds and use the drive thru to order our order, but the catch is that I was supposed to walk to the drive thru with no car just me standing there ordering my order and when they said to pull up to the next widow I would just walk to the window and pay and walk to the other window to get my order. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking a Social Norm or any similar topic only for you Order Now We did this after the homecoming dance around like 10:40. So I basically I got of the car I started walking to the drive thru and I was basically stuck in traffic. I got behind this black ford SUV and I waited for my turn. So finally it was my turn and I order everything on the dollar menu. But my friends also told me to say â€Å"god damn! † while I order something. So I sounded like this â€Å"can I get a goddamn McChicken† So the guy said please drive up to the next window and I started walking. When I got there you should’ve seen his reaction like he was expecting a car not a guy walking to the drive thru. He didn’t say anything he just gave me change back and I started walking to the next window to pick up my order. I was so embarrassed by this; I felt that I was doing something out of my comfort zone. Yes I did experience anxiety; in a rate of 1-10 I think I was experiencing an 11! The people reaction was the funniest because they would just stare at me like if I had mental problems. One driver kept on honking at me and yelling â€Å"get out of the way you stupid kid† I just ignored him and he just gave up and drove off while giving me the finger. But the reaction of the cashier of the drive thru was priceless like oh my god I just can’t explain it. The people that made me more uncomfortable where the one on Kennedy Dr. When the stop light turn red and all the cars where stopped they all stared at my direction. They probably were thinking what is this kid doing? So I basically tried to ignore them the whole time so in wouldn’t get more nervous than I was already. There are many types of norms in a society that don’t necessarily reflect society, but also as individuals. Certain etiquette, mannerisms, and behavioral norms have a great impact on our personal social life as well. Society teaches us as a group how we should behave, and then individuals will teach us what behavior they expect from us in return. Knowing what is socially acceptable will give someone a much better chance at flourishing socially. Norms guide society, it’s the things that keep people in line, they may be formal laws, but usually are the generally accepted principals of the society you belong and participate in. How to cite Breaking a Social Norm, Essay examples

Thailand Earth Observation System (Theos) Development Program free essay sample

The program is developed by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company – Astrium (EADS Astrium SAS), in France, as a prime contractor. It consists of design, development, test, launch, and commissioning phases of THEOS satellite, as well as integration with associated control and data exploitation ground facilities. This paper gives an overview of system architecture, satellite architecture, its performance and main applications, as well as technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators. THEOS satellite is a compact and agile satellite with a mass of 750 kilograms and a power consumption of 800 Watts. It has two push-broom scanning optical instruments, providing worldwide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral modes, covering the Visible and Near Infrared spectrum. The Panchromatic instrument has a resolution of 2 metres and a swath width of 22 kilometres. The Multispectral instrument has a resolution of 15 metres and a swath width of 90 kilometres. We will write a custom essay sample on Thailand Earth Observation System (Theos) Development Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The satellite will be launched into a sun-synchronous low earth orbit in July 2007 and will have a design lifetime of at least 5 years. 1. Introduction After many years of using remote-sensing data from foreign satellite systems, Thailand has decided to have its own earth observation satellite system for rapid and sustainable country development. Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) Development Program was then begun in July 2004. The program is developed by Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (Public Organization) (GISTDA) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company – Astrium (EADS Astrium SAS), in France, as a prime contractor. THEOS system, which is fully owned by Royal Thai Government, will be operated by GISTDA. 1 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 2. Architecture of THEOS System THEOS system is a stand-alone earth observation system. The architecture of THEOS system has been developed in order to satisfy needs and requirements from GISTDA, Ministry of Science and Technology, as well as other relevant Ministries and imagery users in Thailand. These requirements include resolutions, swath width, coverage area, revisit frequency, as well as image quality and applications. THEOS system comprises of the following main constituents, as shown in Figure 1. THEOS Satellite (Space Segment) Ground Facilities (Ground Segment) †¢ †¢ Control Ground Segment (CGS) Image Ground Segment (IGS) ! Figure 1: Architecture of THEOS System 2 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 3. Performance of THEOS Satellite The payloads of THEOS Satellite are Panchromatic and Multispectral pushbroom scanning optical instruments. The radiometric and spatial performances of the instruments have been optimised between resolutions and swath width in order to satisfy imagery application requirements in Thailand. The spectral range of each imagery band of Panchromatic and Multispectral instruments is shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. Table 1: THEOS Spectral Bands Name PAN B0 B1 B2 B3 Band Panchromatic Multispectral / Blue Multispectral / Green Multispectral / Red Multispectral / Near-Infrared Band Width 0. 45 0. 90  µm 0. 45 0. 52  µm 0. 53 0. 60  µm 0. 62 0. 69  µm 0. 77 0. 90  µm 100 PANCHROMATIC B0 BAND B1 BAND B2 BAND B3 BAND WHITE LIMESTONE 80 REFLECTANCE (%) 60 SAND 40 VEGETATION DRY SOILS 20 WATER 0 0. 40 0. 50 0. 60 0. 70 0. 80 0. 90 WAVELENGTH ( µm) Figure 2: THEOS Spectral Bands The spatial performance of Panchromatic and Multispectral instruments is shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. THEOS satellite has a tilting capability of up to  ± 50 °, although some high accuracy applications might limit this to  ± 30 °. It can be tilted both in fore and aft, as well as east and west direction of satellite ground track. 3 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Table 2: Spatial Performance of THEOS Satellite Parameter Ground Sampling Distance Number of Pixels Swath Width Accessible Corridor (at  ± 30 ° Tilting Angle) Panchromatic 2m 12,000 pixels 22 km at Nadir 1000 km Multispectral 15 m 6,000 pixels 90 km at Nadir 1100 km Figure 3: Spatial Performance of THEOS Satellite The orbit of THEOS satellite will have parameters as shown in Table 3. With this orbit and its tilting capability, THEOS satellite will have worldwide imagery area, as well as short revisit and access time, as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. It can be seen from Figure 5 that if the satellite is tilted to its maximum capacity of 50 °, accessible corridor will already cover 90% of the whole earth surface within 1 day. Table 3: THEOS Orbit Parameters Parameter Orbit Type Altitude Number of Orbits per Day Local Equator Crossing Time Orbital Period Orbit Inclination Orbit Cycle Distance Between Passes (at Equator) Coverage Area Visibility Area Access time Value Circular sun-synchronous low earth orbit 822 km 14+5/26 orbits per day 10:00 am 101 minutes98. 7 98. 7 ° 26 days (369 orbits) 108 km (Between 2 closest passes) 2800 km (Between 2 consecutive passes) All earth surface Radius of more than 2000 km from ground station (at 5 ° elevation angle) 2 days with 50 ° tilting angle 5 days with 30 ° tilting angle 4 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Figure 4: Accessible Corridor Covered in 5 Days (with 30 ° tilting angle)  ° Figure 5: Accessible Corridor Covered in 2 Days (with 50 ° tilting angle)  ° 4. Architecture of THEOS Satellite THEOS satellite consists of two main parts, the optical instrument payload and the platform or bus. That platform is based on AstroSat 500 Bus, which has already been designed and developed by EADS Astrium. All the technologies used in THEOS Satellite are space qualified and have been used in other French earth observation programs. This can ensure the minimum risk and guarantee the success of the THEOS mission. 5 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 THEOS platform consists of the following subsystems. On-board management unit Image processing unit S-band unit for telemetry and telecommand link X-band unit for payload data downlink Power distribution and regulation unit Thermal control system for both the payload and the platform Attitude and orbit control system, which has the following sensors and actuators †¢ †¢ Magnetometer, sun sensor, star sensor, gyroscope, and GPS receiver Magnetotorquers, reaction wheels and thrusters. The specifications of THEOS satellite are summarised in Table 4. Table 4: Specifications of THEOS Satellite Parameter Total Mass Size Power Consumption Nominal Life Time Fuel and Capacity Data Processing Data Downlink Rate Obit Determination Payload 750 kg 2. 1 m x 2. 1 m x 2. 4 m 800 W gt; 5 Years Hydrazine 80 kg Compression ratio of 2. 8 or 3. 7 120 Mbit/s (X-band) GPS Panchromatic and Multispectral cameras Value Payload Data Recorder 40 Gbit solid-state memory Satellite Ground Speed 6. km/s The AstroSat 500 Bus has a shape of a hexagonal with a length of 1. 5 metre on each side, as shown in Figure 6. The size is determined by the area for equipment installation on each panel as well as to be compatible with small launcher fairing with a diameter of 2 metres. The top of the platform is attached to payload interface plate. This is where optical instrument payload as well as star sensor and gyroscope are mounted, for high accuracy pointing. At the bottom of the platform are 4 eaction wheels and 4 thrusters for attitude and orbit control. In the middle of the platform is propulsion module and fuel tank. All other subsystem units are mounted on each panel for the reasons of balance, thermal control, electrical and mechanical aspects, as well as flexibility of integration and test. 6 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 Panchromatic telescope Multispectral Camera Star Sensors Gyroscopes Solar Array X-band Antenna S-band Antenna Thermal Radiator Figure 6: AstroSat 500 Bus Once in the orbit, the operation can be divided into 3 main modes. †¢ †¢ †¢ Acquisition and Safe Hold Mode, which will be automatically activated when the satellite is first injected to the orbit by a launcher or when an anomaly occurs on the satellite. Normal Mode, which is used in idle and imaging operation Orbit Control Mode, which is used when propulsion module has to be activated in order to correct the orbit, due to air drag and other perturbations. After the satellite is released from launcher, solar array will be deployed, acquisition sequence will be activated, and first ground contact will be made. When the satellite is switched to Acquisition and Safe Hold Mode from Normal Mode due to anomaly, satellite will be reinitialised and recovered. During this time, the satellite will have to be able to rely on its autonomy, without any ground contact. This is achieved by switching off all unnecessary equipments to ensure sufficient power, and use only the most reliable equipments, which are sun sensor, magnetometer, magnetotorquers, and reaction wheels in order to ensure sun pointing configuration during sun light for power generation, and earth pointing configuration during eclipse for ground contact. In Normal Mode, the satellite will be kept in the sun pointing configuration during sun light, and optical instrument will be in stand-by mode. When imaging is required, the satellite will be earth pointed with some tilting in order to access the target area. During eclipse, the satellite will be kept in earth pointing configuration for telecommand uplink as well as telemetry and data downlink. 7 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 5. Applications of THEOS Data Main applications of THEOS data in Thailand are in many different fields, including cartography, agriculture, forestry, land use, coastal monitoring, geology, irrigation, drought and flood management, as well as national security. Required performance of satellite data in different fields are shown in Table 5, in terms of scale, coverage area, and revisit period. Also, since THEOS satellite has a tilting capability of up to  ± 50 °, both in fore and aft, as well as east and west direction of satellite ground track, images of the same area from different angles can be processed to create digital terrain model of the area. This adds more use in many fields and creates even more applications. Table 5: Required performance of satellite data for main applications Application Cartography Agriculture Agricultural map Plant growth monitoring Illegal plantation Forestry Forest monitoring Forest management Forest fire control Land Resources Land use Urban development Coastal monitoring Geology Spatial Requirements Revisit Period (Scale, Coverage Area) Whole country in less than 5 1:25,000 (1) years Map/monitoring: Area of 1 hectare (2) Illegal plantation: Area of 0. 2 hectare Forest monitoring: Area of 9 hectare Forest management: Area of 0. hectare 1:50,000 for general use 1:25,000 (1) for local applications Structural geology: Area of 100 m2 For rivers with a width of less than 15 m For checking change of water level of more than 10 m Sample area more than 6 times a year (2 times for each growth cycle) Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 2 years Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 5 years Local area, a s requested, in less than 1 month Whole country in less than 5 years Local area, as requested, in less than 1 month World water network every year Every 6 days Irrigation Flood risk management : Image data in Panchromatic mode has a resolution of 2 m, which can generate 1:25,000 scale maps. : Area of 1 hectare equals 10,000 square metres 8 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 6. Control Ground Segment There will be only one control ground segment in Thailand. This will consist of all necessary equipments for Thai operators to monitor and control the satellite automatically and safely, in order to guarantee the success of the mission. Control ground segment of THEOS system consists of 3 main parts S-Band Telemetry, Telecommand and Control Centre †¢ Detect and check contact link when the satellite enters visibility area †¢ Receiving and sending telemetry and telecommand through S-Band link Satellite Control Centre †¢ Check and monitor health status and control the satellite †¢ With Flight Dynamic System, perform orbit determination, orbit propagation, and required manoeuvres Mission Planning Centre †¢ Collect user requests †¢ Issue daily optimised work plan, by taking into account user requests and satellite utilisation 7. Image Ground Segment Receiving and processing ground facilities have been designed and developed to be compatible with the existing high performance X-band station of GISTDA, which includes a 13-metre diameter antenna. By using simple architecture, and all qualified components, the success and smooth operation can be ensured. Image ground segment of THEOS system consists of 2 main parts X-band receiving station †¢ Receive image data through X-band downlink †¢ Demodulate and base-band process Image processing facility †¢ Frame synchronise and reformat †¢ Store image data flow †¢ Create and update catalogue †¢ Store image data for future use or when requested †¢ Perform image correction at different levels, including radiometric, geometric correction, with and without reference map or ground control points, as well as digital terrain model generation Image exploitation facility †¢ Process image for specific applications The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 8. Technology Transfer and Trainings One important part of this program is technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators, which cover theory and on-the-job training on design, development, test, and control of the satellite, as well as receiving and processing image data. Different components of technology transfer and training program are as follow. THEOS program training, with the objective for the 20 Thai engineers to be key people of Thailand’s long-term space activities, as well as to supervise and support THEOS in-orbit operations †¢ Theoretical technology transfer on satellite technology, design, integration and test of satellite system, as well as control and operations at EADS Astrium Space School, with a duration of 3 months for Introduction Courses, and 6 months for Advanced Courses. On-the-job training, where 20 Thai engineers will have the opportunity to get involved in actual activities of THEOS development from the beginning of the development to the launch date. The 20 Thai engineers can be divided into 3 groups as follow. o Ground system (5) ? ? ? ? ? †¢ †¢ System and ground segment development engineer System and ground segment engineer Control ground segment engineer Image ground segment engineer Image and products engineer o Satellite Operation and Control (4) ? ? System operation engineer (2) Attitude and orbit control engineer (2) Space Segment (11) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Satellite engineer (2) System engineer Electrical engineer Mechanical engineer Thermal engineer Software engineer Instrument engineer Command and data handling engineer Assembly integration and testing engineer Product assurance engineer 10 The 2nd Asian Space Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, 8-11 November 2005 THEOS operational training, for 20 Thai operators to be able to operate, control and maintain THEOS satellite, as well as receive and process image data. Yearly technical seminar, to provide key issues about space technology, satellites, earth observation, and space program management to wider audience in Thailand Scholarships for master and doctoral degrees in space and satellite technology in France 9. Conclusion Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) Development Program comprises of THEOS satellite as well as associated control and data exploitation ground facilities. The program also includes a set of technology transfer and trainings for Thai engineers and operators. THEOS Satellite is a compact and agile satellite with a mass of 750 kilograms and a power consumption of 800 Watts. It has two push-broom scanning optical instruments, providing worldwide imagery in Panchromatic and Multispectral modes, covering the Visible and Near Infrared spectrum. The Panchromatic instrument has a resolution of 2 metres and a swath width of 22 kilometres. The Multispectral instrument has a resolution of 15 metres and a swath width of 90 kilometres. The satellite will be launched into a sun-synchronous low earth orbit in July 2007 and will have a design lifetime of at least 5 years.

Robotical Health Research essays

Robotical Health Research essays Health care can be described as the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical and allied health professions. Health research is in fact a major component of health care. Without health researchers, our world of medicine would not be as advanced as it is today. However, I feel that technological research, an area of health research that may be advancing to quickly, is unnecessary and should no longer be pursued. It can be said that health care can increase the longevity and the quality of life. However, the use of technology is not necessary to achieve a healthy society. Medical practice can still occur without the fancies of robotics and computers. Most of it could be done by old fashion medical practice. In my opinion, some of a physicians equipment are just present to make it easier for him/her to perform their jobs. Their medical practice can still occur without technological aids. For example, recently, a type of computerized surgery has been put to the test; a surgeon in one location was operating on a patient several of thousands of kilometres away in a high-tech mobile theatre unit. If robotic surgeons are constantly being produced to make doctors lives easier, they will eventually begin to replace surgeons and there will no longer be a need for doctors. Machines do not make mistakes like humans do. When the choice of choosing a robot or a human arises, who in the right mind would choose an error-making human when they could purchase a machine that is 100% accurate and can work 24/7? Although new technology can be very accurate and precise during procedures, they are still fairly new and not put into common practice. They pose certain risks such as increasing the length of operations. This means that patients spend more time under anesthesia or on a hearth-lung machine and both these situati ...

German Adverbs of Time - Temporaladverbien

German Adverbs of Time - Temporaladverbien Adverbs of time indicate when the action or event takes place. Adverbs of time answer the questions wann, wie oft, wie lange? Er kommt spter. Wann kommt er? Spter. allezeit bald bisher damals eben frà ¼her heute heutzutage immer jahrelang jemals jetzt morgen nachher neuerdings nie/niemals seitdem stets à ¼bermorgen vorher zuerst Adverbs with –s-Many nouns with time-related meanings can be transformed into adverbs by adding the letter –smontags, dienstags, etcsommers, winters but not Herbst or Frà ¼hling morgens, mittags, abendszeitlebens (all one’s life)anfangs Montags gehe ich zur Deutschklasse. Adverbs with two timeframes/points in timeeinst/ once, at one time: used to describe a timeframe/point in the future as well as the past. For example,Einst wollte er heiraten, aber jetzt nicht mehr. (At one time he wanted to get married, but not any more.)Einst wird der Tag kommen, wo ich Großmutter sein werde. (The day will come where Ill be a grandmother.)gerade: used to describe a timeframe/point in time in the present as well as the past that just occurred. For example,Mein Vater ist gerade bei der Arbeit. (My father is at work at present.)Sie ist gerade zur Kirche gegangen. (She just went to church.)

What role do historic sites play in a country ( Any country - general Essay

What role do historic sites play in a country ( Any country - general ) - Essay Example Some of the roles these buildings play in the UK include; In Britain, historic buildings catalyze structural economic development, create jobs for the residents and attract a higher value investment in the region (The House of Commons, 2004). Furthermore, these buildings offer high-quality design in a new development. The good urban design and historic environment are the main elements in the process of achieving urban Renaissance (Corbishley, 2014). Evidence in the UK (The House of Commons, 2004), shows that commercial schemes that use historic buildings achieve a higher value than those that use new buildings. This forms the basis for regenerating and developing a local economy (The House of Commons, 2004). These buildings and heritage define the identity of towns and cities in the UK. Research from the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors done by Dr. Rob Pickard shows that offices situated in historic building tend to be charged higher rents. Members of the public use public places and historic buildings as rallying points. Most of the people in the UK spend most of their free time in these historic buildings, with some holding their social meetings at these sites (Bandarin, 2012). Some of the renovated historic buildings like the St John’s Hoxton, a 19th century church building have been utilized as a children’s nursery and a gym for the disabled people (European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights, 2009) and others converted into theatres that serve as educational and leisure centers for residents (The House of Commons, 2004). Theatres are vital places of assembly and a focus of the local pride. They provide fond memories for all sectors of the community where they are situated (Dedek, 2014). Reusing historic buildings is more sustainable in terms of utilization of natural resources. Therefore, it is better to recycle old historic buildings than destroying them to construct new ones. As per the

Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism - Essay Example Tourists are attracted to seek different experiences from another environment oftentimes different from their usual surroundings. Currently, tourism has become a popular global vacation activity that actually generates profits for the visited community and this will contribute to its economic growth and development. â€Å"Tourism is alive with dynamic growth, new activities, new destinations, new technology, new markets, and rapid changes.† (Goeldner, 2008) The influx of tourists to a certain community will help local businesses sell their goods and services and even provide employment opportunities in the services industries related to tourism. These service industries cover transportation services on land, sea, and air; hospitality services such as hotels, resorts, and other venues for accommodations; entertainment services such as amusement parks, casinos, bars and other music venues, shopping malls, theaters, spas; and restaurants. â€Å"A parallel effect is argued with respect to employment, wherein the labor-intensive tourism industry would provide a large number of direct and indirect jobs suitable in particular for largely unskilled labor forces bedeviled by high unemployment and underemployment.† (Weaver, 2006) The need for some of these services is seasonal and unfortunately, the majority of these employment opportunities mean unimportant employments relating to low-skilled and low-waged levels. Most of the times these types of so-called employment can result in prostitution, drug trading, hustling, and gamblers. These will eventually lead to some negative lifestyles such as begging, the spread STD-related illnesses, hustling, and drug abuse. When there is growth in the tourism industry, the local government finds it necessary to improve some infrastructures such as new and passable roads will be built and old ones will be renovated especially those leading to tourist spots.

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay The article talks about implementing automated online TOC analyses at different points of use, comparing it to off-line laboratory TOC analysis techniques in terms of cost, setup, implementation and operation. The article stresses on controlling the TOC quality attribute for the release of PW and WFI for product manufacturing processes. It also talks about effective regulatory compliance and validation, as well as effective management of water system. It talks separately about the issue of the TOC instrument, its response efficiency and system suitability and acceptability tests, as well as the water test in terms in light of the current USP, EP regulations. It then talks about implementing PAT initiatives with the use of sensors to automate release of water for the online TOC analysis, discussing different configurations setups. Background Currently in industry, the use of offline laboratory TOC analyzers is much more common as compared to online TOC analyzers. The industry feels no need to improve on existing systems or processes. Companies tend to focus on quick and easy validation rather than effective validation. Lab TOC analyzers are used for fulfilling regulatory requirements, QC approval of water TOC attribute. They are good for fulfilling USP and EP regulations, for dealing with many water loops, and for cleaning validation too. As companies are required to determine bacteria, endotoxins for different water use points by default, TOC samples have to be collected analyzed with laboratory TOC analyzers. At times, it is even difficult to do the System Suitability Test on online TOC analyzers for quality assurance demonstrating acceptable TOC analysis. The initial capital cost for implementing automated online TOC system for water release can be expensive, and if the system is not well understood, that can cause a lot of additional problems and expenses. These are some of the reasons why many companies refuse to convert to on-line TOC analysis for water release. For passing the TOC attribute test to send the water for manufacturing processes, both the water being tested and the analyzer suitability, acceptability criteria must be fulfilled. The System Suitability Testing is not explained by USP or EP. The System Suitability testing frequency is determined by user, and the factors for determining it are the water used between SS testing, costs of SS testing, reliability of analyzer to pass the test and internal risk assessment of product produced. The suitability of TOC Analyzers is determined by three solutions: a blank, sucrose at 0.5mg.C/L and 1,4 benzoquinone at 0.5mg.C/L. Using these pieces of information, the response efficiency can be calculated. If the TOC analyzer response is greater than 85% and less than 115%, the analyzer has passed the test. The regulatory requirements for the water to pass are if its concentration is less than the concentration of sucrose subtracted from the blank. The system suitability test compares the recovery of the analyzer for an easy-to-oxidize sucrose and a hard-to-oxidize (1,4 benzoquinone) standard. The relationship of the independent recoveries must be periodically demonstrated and fall within specified limits.3 In addition to the required system suitability test, an on-line instrument will require periodic calibration and verification. For acceptable water test results acceptability, so it can be sent for the manufacturing processes; the suitability and acceptability of the analyzer must be demonstrated both before (initial suitability test) and after water testing (final suitability test). This is where a lot of failures can occur in both the offline and online TOC analyzer systems. But in the case of online TOC analyzer systems, once the process and its sources of variations are understood properly, there is a very minimal chance that the system suitability tests will fail. Discussion Some of the advantages automated on-line TOC analysis systems have over off-line laboratory TOC analysis systems are elimination of manual sampling errors. Sampling is the area where most errors take place in Analysis. TOC analyses before sending the water for manufacturing processes is extremely sensitive. It is imperative to have extremely accurate analysis for the measurements of TOC in the water, as it will have a huge impact on the processes since water is used everywhere in the form of critical utilities. It is important that there are essentially no inaccuracies in its measurements. The on-line TOC analysis if implemented correctly can do that, but an off-line laboratory TOC analyzer cannot. The other advantage that an on-line TOC analyzer has over an off-line is that it results in process automation, which results in less utilization of company resources that can be deployed elsewhere, as well as decreasing the operating costs. Online analyzers are also better for repetitive, routine TOC testing requirements. In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance The critical factors for implementing on-line TOC are regulatory expectations, reliability, analytical performance, ease of use and elimination of manual errors. By using online TOC analyzers instead of offline laboratory TOC analyzers, we are removing the most common source of error in chemical analysis, which greatly helps us increase the analytical performance of the online TOC analyzer, increase the ease of use, and eliminate manual errors from the system. By using a dual (2) on-line analyzers in a single loop, we are increasing the robustness and reliability of the online TOC analysis system. Payback on investment is also achieved in 1 years time. This is discussed later in the paper in more depth. To understand how to implement the automated online TOC analyzer system for the release of water successfully and effectively, we have to understand the sources of variation for TOC quality attributes, as well the critical parameters and quality attributes, the manufacturing process itself, and learn how to control all of these as well as the in-process water coming from the source raw water feed. This fits in perfectly with the PAT initiative that quality must be built into a system or a process rather than tested into it, as well as understanding and effectively controlling the process, by analyzing and controlling it through timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of its source feeds. All of this will lead to a better controlled, effective and optimized design of the system or process, and this will in turn result in the superior products. If one takes out drug product and raw materials from the context of the definition of the PAT and replaces it with water (PW or WFI), the idea of PAT can be used to on effectively implementing an automated online TOC analysis system that will result in the same advantages. Using the PAT initiatives for automated online TOC analysis for water release can also greatly help in the regulatory requirements that need to be fulfilled as well. The concept of PAT also encourages scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, quality assurance. Less rejects, reprocessing improves the efficiency of the process, which in turn increases capacity. As WFI water is extremely expensive and is the most common excipient, and ingredient in drug manufacturing; the company must make sure that not a lot of it is rejected before the manufacturing process and/or wasted, and/or is reprocessed instead of being wasted. This also perfectly aligns to the PAT initiatives. The PAT concept encourages the company to manage variability instead of rejecting it. Some of the sources of variability in online TOC analysis systems are: a) source water or raw water feed. This has a huge effect on the final TOC. b) PW WFI storage tanks c) Distillation units: PW is supplied to it to produce WFI. TOC can leak into WFI if main distillation unit develops heat exchanger leak depending on TOC quality. The PAT requirements for water release system are understanding of TOC or conductivity removal/addition processes and the sources of conductivity/TOC. The determination of critical TOC and conductivity control points, implementation of TOC and conductivity analyzers, as well as requirements for the control system is part of the PAT initiative. There also needs to be a control element (manual or automatic) for water release. In implementing the PAT initiative, the component of real time release includes assessed material attributes and process controls. Combined process measurements and test data gathered during manufacturing process is used for real time release for final release of product, and this demonstrates compliance with regulatory quality attributes. Online TOCs analyzers measure TOC representing a specific point of use. So the acceptability of on-line TOC analyzers for TOC attributes testing depends on its location in system. Instrument responses at a point of locations should reflect quality of water used at that point. For on-line TOC analyzers, the value of TOC with released water depends on the time interval between consecutive SS Tests. SS tests should take place continually as long time intervals between consecutive SS tests results in failure (Out of Specification results). The online TOC analyzers can be set up in different ways and configurations for testing the water TOC. It is important to set up the equipment correctly and calibrate it, because it is part of the Installation Qualification (IQ). If the IQ is not done correctly, it will result in the failing of the System Suitability test and acceptability test for water and/or on-line analyzer, which means a failed Operational Qualification (OQ). Equipment can be installed and operational, but the final steps to release the water to production may not be implemented. This results in the failure of the Performance Qualification (PQ) for that system, because the wrong IQ and OQ took place. The cheapest way for an online TOC analysis is using a single online TOC analyzer on the exit of the distribution loop just before return to the storage tank, and the laboratory TOC analyzer is the backup to the online TOC system. Unfortunately, this method is also the least robust, because if this one online TOC analyzer does not pass the system suitability test, the process will lose its automation. However, if the same analytical measuring technology is used for both analyzers, the potential instrument response variances between the two analyzers is eliminated, which means the off-line laboratory TOC analyzer can be used to determine at which point of use the online TOC analyzer went wrong, by comparing the TOC analysis values of the online and offline TOC analyzers. Comparing the two readings from the analyzer can also be used to fulfill the Performance Qualification (PQ) requirements. But this would require very frequent sampling on the lab TOC analyzer, there is a chance that the exact point and time of failure, where the on-line TOC failed the SS test cannot be determined effectively. The most robust and reliable method is using dual on-line TOC analysis system. To achieve this kind of setup, two on-line TOC analyzers must be installed onto a single distribution loop. If one of the TOC fails the SS test when it is releasing the water; and if it can be proven that the 2 TOC analyzers on the distribution line are measuring the same water: the other TOC analyzer will serve as a backup and make sure that the TOC analysis and the release of the water is still automated. There is very less likelihood that both TOC analyzers fail the SS test at the same time. A laboratory off-line TOC can also be used again for PQ purposes. But it is imperative that both the analyzers are measuring the same water and its TOC for one to be used as a backup for the other. If it is not, there is a chance that unacceptable is being released for manufacturing processes. As mentioned in the paper before, as the testing of its TOC critical attributes depends on the point of use, the TOC(s) can be used in any kind of arrangement to serve different purposes, such as ensure the various components in the loop (such as the Distillation or other water purification systems) are working correctly or not. The diagram below the PW feed going into the line, and the WFI feed coming out from the distillation unit. One TOC analyzer is connected to the PW feed line, the other one is connected to the WFI feed line. Comparing the readings from both these TOC analyzers can tell whether the distillation unit is working correctly or not. There might be a risk that the distillation unit or distribution loop is adding TOC to the water as a result of system failure, which means that the backup TOC is not fulfilling its purpose. The whole point of using an on-line TOC analysis system over an off-line lab TOC analyzer is for the purpose of the recirculation of the PW or WFI. If the water is needed for a specific point of use in an off-line lab analyzer, the water will be manually taken and sampled on the off-line TOC analyzer. If that sample fails, essentially the whole stream of water most probably fails too. If the off-line lab analyzer fails or the water test fails, all that water which is very expensive will go to waste, and will not be recirculated. In the online TOC analyzer system, once it has been figured out where (at which point[s] of use, if it is being added) TOC is being added to the water; that is remedied. When that has been resolved, all the sources of variability have been identified; all the components are installed and functioning correctly, the water can be recirculated over and over, making this a continuous automated process. The storage tank will always be filled because when the water is being distributed from the storage tank to various points of use, the WFI feed coming out the distillation unit will always be filling up the lost water. Implementing the PAT initiative into the automated online TOC analysis also means implementation of automated real time TOC release systems, computer, data acquisition, process sensors, process equipment process analytical instrumentation integrated into a comprehensive management system. The comprehensive management system ensures continual operation process within prescribed limits to ensure quality. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), distributed control systems (DCS), Facility Monitoring Systems (FMS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) are other tools that can be used as well. PAT guidance documents aid operation, control, monitoring water systems integrating automation, sensory data, feedback mechanisms with target to implement PAT online instrumentation for automatic formal QC water release to production. Proven technology allows for the automation of standards introduction and data management. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one such technology, and standards can be loaded into the TOC analyzer and processed automatically to produce results. The figure below shows an automated standards introduction system in an on-line TOC analyzer: RFID is a well known technology that is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry as a preventative measure against counterfeiting. It uses an RFID tag that comprises of a microchip, substrate and an antenna) and a reader/writer. The RFID tag is programmed with all the data related to a specific standard, including the contents of the bottle, certified concentration, lot number and expiration date. Once the RFID tag aligns with the reader/writer, the data is automatically transferred to the analyzer. There is no need for any manual input here. The only thing someone has to do is simplified through an easy to use and understand touch-screen man-machine interface (MMI) Problems can arise in online TOC analysis system if contaminants enter the water systems that are harmful for the system operating. Even though current water system technology produces very consistent and reliable results, excursions can occur. Excursions are discrepancies from normal water system operating conditions. When an excursion occurs, that means that quality of water produced is questionable. If there is excursion in the system, it is a good idea to obtain a sample of water from the system on which an independent analysis can be done. Analysis of the water sample can provide information about why the excursion occurred, and that would help in rectifying the problem of excursion. Some TOC analyzers use methods to separate compounds that are not expected to come in contact with process water from the analysis. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to damage from chorines and chloramine by-products in disinfection process. If chlorine or any of its biproducts cracks into the water system or even has a small presence of it; that means that the system has failed. If a TOC analyzer is designed to separate these compounds from the analysis, it will only hide the problem and will not rectify it in any way. TOC analyzers designed to respond to contamination by the presence of these compounds in the process water, by capturing a sample of water; but only if that sample is equipped with excursion monitoring capability. This helps the water system engineer to identify the problem and rectify it. A TOC analyzer equipped with an OASISà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ may be configured for excursion monitoring. Excursion monitoring is defined as the ability to extract and save a sa mple of water from process water right after a pre-programmed water condition such as such as high TOC levels, water conductivity with regard to USP limits, water chemistries deemed wrong by analyzer and his analysis, have been implemented. Using this technology, problems with process water can be identified well before limits have been exceeded, with ability to program a specific TOC level that must be exceeded for excursion capture. In case of the identification of an excursion in the process water, the analyzer will immediately capture a sample of water directly from the water system and place it in an empty bottle, equipped with an RFID tag that has been loaded into the analyzer. Upon sample capture, all the data associated with the excursion is recorded on the RFID tag using the writing capability of the RFID reader/writer. The integration of the RFID with excursion monitoring enables that the data associated with captured excursion water is protected and cannot be changed. A lab equipped with the appropriate RFID reading capability, has the ability to read the tag and associate the data with the water sample, such as the serial number of the analyzer, date, time, last TOC, conductivity and temperature values. Beca use of this type of analysis for the process water, better understanding for the reasons for the cause of the excursion can be identified. As the excursion capture is initiated by the TOC analyzer results, the sample is as indicative of the water condition as possible. The PAT enables application of risk-based approaches to enhance quality of a process. By applying excursion monitoring capability, risks associated with producing off-spec water is greatly reduced. The TOC analyzer becomes a water system diagnostic tool, rather than just a regulatory sensor to monitor TOC limits. Summary In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance. This conversion of approach from a simple reproduction to a more risk based approach which reduces variability (instead of rejecting it) enables the implementation of new technologies and more cost effective measures, which in turn results in more efficient and effective processes and higher quality products. With the advent of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Quality by Design (QbD) approaches, the desire is to evolve pharmaceutical processes from an art to a science with engineering-based activity, application of enhanced science and engineering knowledge in regulatory decision-making, establishment of specifications and evolution of manufacturing processes. With the advent of new technologies such as RFID and MMI, the automated process has been simplified, been made more effective. With excursion monitoring, a TOC analyzer becomes more than just a TOC sensor for regulatory purposes. It becomes a tool that minimizes the risk of falling out of specification. Implementing new technologies through PAT allows the addition of true value wherever traditional regulatory compliance is required. I believe there is a lot to be learned and implemented on this topic in industry. I found the topic highly important and of high learning. I hope to work in a pharmaceutical company that can implement such initiatives in water systems.

Should Rich Nations Lend Aid to Poor Ones

Globalization is one of culprits causing greater development gaps among countries over the world, and the act of lending aid is remarkable behavior of rich nations to assist poor ones. To some people, rich nations should lend aid to poor ones because of its economic, diplomatic, politic and military advantages. Meanwhile, opponents claim that on account of their possibilities of financial distress in the future, they should not do so. I am of the former notion for the following reasons. The first reason for rich countries do lend aid to impoverished ones is economic advantage. By dint of this act, they can achieve particular preferences from recipients which other ones cannot have, such as: economic cooperation agreements in types of ODA , mineral exploitation priorities and so on. Furthermore, companies in rich nations also benefit through expanding consumption markets in abroad easily, opening new branches, production and assembly factories to take advantages of redundant natural resources and cheap-labor source that receiving countries possess. This is enormously meaningful to their economic development. The intensity in international relationship, in addition, is another benefit of this activity. As the result of financial assistance to each others, the relationships between countries becomes friendlier, which is the foundation of international integration, cooperation and peace Finally, these financial supports might provide developed countries with favorable conditions to affirm their positions both in the region and in the world. This allows them have enough authority to affect other ones politically and militarily, which is stepping-stone to implement their ambitions to become number one in the whole world.

Essay about Race, Class, and Gender The Critical Race Theory

Race, Gender, and Social class are all common interests in our American Society since before the Civil Rights Movement until now and will continue to be. Many theories have been developed with the intent to analyze these concepts of human life, and genetics within the scope of society. Critical Race theory, a modern take on the subtle racism and discrimination in institutional society and our American law, is one of these theories that construct the ideas relating race, gender and social class to American society. All groups of people are affected by racism and discrimination throughout the United States. Arab Americans and the Sioux, Native American Indian group, are two groups I will analyze in relation to Critical Race theory. First,†¦show more content†¦1). Critical Race theory is made up of four major themes; First is the belief that race is central, not peripheral, to American thought and life. Second is the notion that racism is common and ordinary rather than rare and episodic, so that a great deal of Americans’ social life is affected by it. A third strand is material determinism, or interest convergence—the idea that racial relations maintain a white-over-black/brown hierarchy that provides benefits and profits to elite groups in the majority race and are for that reason difficult to reform. A fourth feature is the social construction thesis, according to which races are products of social thought and invention, not objective or biologically real (Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, 2011, p. 1). Based on the themes of Critical Race Theory, it is believed that all groups in American society are affected by racism, often unintentionally. Again, theorists that agree with this idea argue that racism is engrained in American culture and society. You could go as far as relating Critical Race theory to Social learning theory. According to the article, Social Learning Theory, Social learning theory is defined â€Å"The social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modelingShow MoreRelatedCritical Race Theory And Method : Counter Storytelling843 Words   |  4 Pagesreading, we read the article â€Å"Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-storytelling† by Daniel G. Solorzano and Tara J. Yosso. Throughout the reading, it emphasizes the racial problem that Chicana and Chicano undergraduate and graduate are facing under the educational system. In order to understand more about their experiences, the authors divided the reading into three diff erent steps. First of all, they defined the meaning of critical race theory. This theory help provide more informationRead More3 Key Differences between Orthodox and Critical Criminologies762 Words   |  3 Pagesorthodox and critical criminologies? Use examples of readings that reflect both criminologies to illustrate your response. Orthodox criminology refers to the how criminologists accept the states ideas of crime without thinking of power relations. This thinking is shared by everyone and becomes a universal idea and these ideas are in the interests of everyone. However, certain groups of individuals are targeted and blamed for crimes based on their class, race, gender, sexuality and more. The theory of CriticalRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 PagesCollins approaches the beliefs of misconceptions already existent towards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surroundi ng the persecutions theRead MoreThe Critical Race Theory ( Crt )921 Words   |  4 Pages The Critical Race Theory (CRT) began as a form of legal studies by liberals and turned into a movement. The movement is a collection of activists and scholars interested in studying and transforming the relationship between race, racism, and power. The movement walks a similar path as conventional civil rights studies; however, they look at an even broader perspective, such as economics, history, context, and even self-interest. â€Å"Race, Gender, and Social class are all common interests in our AmericanRead MoreEssay on Article Reflection: Feminist Intersectional Theorizing875 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent social theories in feminism. This theory explores the factors that represent one’s identity. The purpose of this article is to explain the theorizing on race, class, and gender by Canadian feminist. Intersectionality portrays how women experiences are interconnected. The article â€Å"Feminist Intersectional Theorizing† written by Daiva K. Stasiulis, mainly talks about the intersectional theorizing of different factors that woman in Canada encounter. The vocalization of gender and class had a breakthroughRead MoreRace, Class And Gender1032 Words   |  5 Pages IN WHAT WAYS DO RACE, CLASS AND GENDER SHAPE PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES IN PRISON? DRAW ON THEORIES AND EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES TO SUPPORT YOUR CASE. OVERVIEW This essay will explore how race, class and gender shapes practices and experiences in prison. Firstly, a discussion of prison in general is necessary. In other words, what constitutes prisons, its aims and objectives and prison culture (Reeves, 2015). Currently there are 38,845 prisoners in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016)Read MoreThe Path For Underserved Students Transitioning From Community College980 Words   |  4 Pagesof their individual abilities and without regard to [socio]economic status, race, creed, color, sex, national origin or ancestry, [which] is [the] major goal of American democracy† (United States Zook, 1947, p.  3). Thus, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the path for underserved students transitioning from community college to a 4-year university, while reconceptualizing the American Dream. Through a critical race theoretical lends, this essay will outline the historical trend and statisticalRead MoreAnalysis Of Demarginalizing The Intersection Of Race And Sex849 Words   |  4 PagesIntersection of Race and Sex: A Blac k Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics,† I would like to start my critical review essay by mentioning the Black feminist studies book entitled â€Å"All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave.† Having this idea of problematic predisposition to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive entities in mind, I would like to review Angela Davis’s book entitled â€Å"Women, Race, and Class†, and compareRead MoreGiving An Education By Adrienne Rich Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesto gain a critical basis for their experiences, it is just as important as â€Å"taking responsibility towards your selves† (Rich, Shaw and Lee 29). Curriculum courses alone cannot allow women to go out and explore their options in the world in order to live a meaningful life. The transformation of knowledge took place when individuals challenged previously unquestioned knowledge, the result of wh ich ultimately affected the marginalization of women and heightened consciousness. 2. Gender arrangementsRead MoreRace, Race And Racism Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesProject Description: This project is comprised of rhetorical commentary overview, that is used to examine and develop a better understanding of the terms, race and racism in society (critical race theory) (Stefancic and Delgado 1995, 177). By using the critical race theory and examining incidents of police misconduct, this will determine whether or not race plays a crucial factor. Additionally, this project encompasses a vast knowledge of the criminal justice system and the police departments of the United

Americas Dependence On Fossil Fuels - 1307 Words

The main social issue that we would like to address is America’s dependence on fossil fuels and the possibility of switching to environmentally friendly energy sources. Energy is the key conflict factor during our era. So new energy development is a vital project that not only can decrease the conflict that base on energy but also improve our environment, meanwhile it also can decrease the conflict that created by the environmental issues. Our audience will be mainly comprised of young adults, particularly those who already have an interest in the subject matter since the younger generations are more technologically savvy and our generation is old enough to vote. However we would also like to have some policy makers be part of the audience†¦show more content†¦Being such a necessary and overused resource makes it a hotly contested subject and global issue. The United States is one of the biggest importers and users of oil in the world, which makes our need of it a maj or influence on several global markets. Our heavy reliance on dirty fuels, as well as every other industrialized country in the world, will lead to massive effects on the climate of our Earth. This in addition, has led to violence and war, particularly in the Middle East, over the ownership and distribution of oil and other energy resources, which in the end only serves to profit big oil industries. This problem will not stop or slow down, as the demand for energy will only increase as the world’s population and global economy continues to expand. For mainly these reasons, which will be handled more in-depth throughout this paper, the need for clean alternative energy is paramount and must be addressed within the foreseeable future should we otherwise suffer the consequences. In 2014, the United States within that year used about 7 billion barrels of petroleum products (a barrel in America being 42 US gallons means that we used roughly 294 billion gallons). In 2012, we consumed about 6.8 billion barrels (285.6 billion gallons) of petroleum products and over half of these barrels were imported from some part of the Western Hemisphere. Although our dependence on importing petroleum has been on a decline (since 2005) we are still the